Betul Kacar presents samples in her lab Credit Photo by Jeff Miller/UW–Madison By resurrecting a 3.2-billion-year-old enzyme and studying it inside living microbes, researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison have

Extensions to the HZ (the orange stripe) as a function of distance between the planet and its host star (horizontal axis), and the mass of the main-sequence host (vertical axis).

An example of a three-dimensional cube depicting the spatial dimensions and a visible spectral dimension. A 3D cube is one of the main data products from an Integral Field Spectrograph.

Graphical Abstract — astro-ph.GA Surface chemistry on interstellar dust grains is recognized as a central component in astrochemical models, representing a plausible formation route for many of the observed complex

Origin & Evolution of Life Status Report chemrxiv.org January 23, 2026 Unity of biopolymer biosynthesis, assembly and recalcitrance is predicted by chemical evolution. Each biopolymer is synthesized by condensation-dehydration chemistry,

Selection protocol used to isolate ligase ribozymes. An RNA library containing a partially randomized sequence (depicted in purple) derived from an AIP-ligase18 was challenged with an RNA substrate (depicted in

Representative sections of (a) 1M⊕ and (b) 10M⊕ planets as a function of depth and pressure. Both were created using the Perple X software with the thermodynamic database of Stixrude