Temporal evolution of atmospheric mass loss in response to stellar flares of different energies. The ratio of the instantaneous mass loss rate to the quiescent mass loss rate is shown

Surface of Ryugu, taken at night by Hyabusa-2’s Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout (MASCOT) camera MASCOT/DLR/JAXA Carbonaceous chondrite (CC) meteorites are fragments of planetesimals that hold clues about the early solar

This image shows a wide-field view of part of the Taurus Molecular Cloud, about 450 light-years from Earth. Its relative closeness makes it an ideal place to study the formation

Close-up of the star RIK 113, seen here surrounded by a cloud of gas and dust called a protoplanetary disc. These discs are a common feature around young stars, containing

Encircled in purple stratospheric haze, Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, appears as a softly glowing sphere in this colorized image taken on July 3, 2004, one day after Cassini’s first flyby

A cartoon image of the cloud formation at the equator of Venus (modified from Imamura and Hashimoto 2001) Venus has regained attention on the international stage with the approval of

Baade/MagE spectrum of TOI-2407 compared to the M2 SDSS template from Bochanski et al. (2007, magenta line). Data are normalized at 7400 Å, and key spectral features across the 4300–8100