Overview and performance of the LUMOS framework for biogenicity assessment. a, The LUMOS (Life Unveiled using Molecular Orbital Signatures) framework integrates amino acid abundance measurements with quantum chemical descriptors to

Morphological comparison of the Apex Chert and the Strelley Pool Formation microfossils with EM-P. Images (A-D) are TEM images of EM-P cells forming intracellular vesicles (ICVs) and intracellular daughter cells.

Subsurface ice final depth interpolated map for latitudes 40-55 North, assuming ice was emplaced 630 kyr ago for 1% dust fraction scenario and no lag layer porosity. The red line

Conceptual model illustrating a possible evolutionary trajectory of ATP-generating enzymes. Under prebiotic conditions with a limited amino acid repertoire, kinase-like proteins resembling Arc1-12KR or Arc1-11K may have generated ATP through