Schematic representation of key functions required for a synthetic minimal cell membrane. Integral and peripheral membrane proteins require a functional membrane environment that supports their structural integrity and enzymatic activity.

Graphical Abstract — Journal of the American Chemical Society Protocells capable of nonenzymatic metabolism and environmental adaptation are essential models for understanding the emergence of cellular life. However, existing protocell

The phylogenetic tree showed the amino acid of xoxF and mxaF genes in MAGs from lava tubes, Haikou City, Hainan Province. The blue words indicated the acquired MAGs in this