Morphological comparison of the Apex Chert and the Strelley Pool Formation microfossils with EM-P. Images (A-D) are TEM images of EM-P cells forming intracellular vesicles (ICVs) and intracellular daughter cells.

Subsurface ice final depth interpolated map for latitudes 40-55 North, assuming ice was emplaced 630 kyr ago for 1% dust fraction scenario and no lag layer porosity. The red line

Conceptual model illustrating a possible evolutionary trajectory of ATP-generating enzymes. Under prebiotic conditions with a limited amino acid repertoire, kinase-like proteins resembling Arc1-12KR or Arc1-11K may have generated ATP through

Illustration of liposome protection from UV. The top panel shows a drawing of the crater. The top- and sideview photographs show the intensity distribution of the blue color after UV

An artist’s illustration depicts the astrosphere in more detail, including a bow shock in blue — akin to a sonic boom in front of a supersonic plane — that is

Top: Simulated time-series spectroscopy observation of a SIMP 0136-like brown dwarf for our Scenario 1. The difference between the each spectrum and time-averaged mean flux is shown at each phase

An idealized schematic for some of the key sequential events in the establishment of the ribosome, starting from the situation in which a parasitic RNA takes advantage of a membrane-bound

Simulation results of abundance ratios / (black lines), / (orange lines), and / (blue lines) with our model (model A) at 16 K (solid lines) and 77 K (dashed lines).