Top: Same as Figure 3, but for TIC 80127634, which is a G star that exhibits high amplitude variations that is used for the water loss simulations. Left: Orbit architecture

The three-layer diagram of the outcome of our model. The inner layer is the H2 layer cooled by H+3 , where the highest-energy photons are deposited. The neutral atomic hydrogen

Examples of interior scenarios consistent with the bulk properties of TOI-270 d, spanning different atmospheric temperature structures and water mass fractions. The thickness of the layers are not to scale.

The illustration shows a cutaway revealing the interior of early Earth with a hot, melted layer above the boundary between the core and mantle. Scientists think some material from the

Concentrations are shown in µg/kg. Black circles represent seawater sampling locations; red stars denote the shoreline position of microbialite sampling transects (coordinates listed in Supplementary Table 3). Black lines represent