HCN rainout rate over the conjoint parameter space of stellar effective temperature (Teff ) and effective solar flux in current Earth values (Seff ) and C/O ratio. a) Baseline Archean

Temperature distributions and thermal phase curves of the TRAPPIST-1 e system. Panel (a): Snapshot of the effective emission temperature of TRAPPIST-1 e. Panel (b): Snapshot of the surface temperature distribution

The figure shows the HPLC Chromatograms of Amino Acids produced in the Sample B5 irradiation run. — astro-ph.EP The emergence of habitable conditions on the early Earth and on rocky

The network of important reactions for the carbon, sulfur, and coupled organosulfur chemistry in the atmosphere of K2-18b. Pathway B (following R. Hu et al. (2025)) dominates the DMS and

Optical depth maps of the near-IR H2O, CO2, and CO ice features in the disk sample, calculated for pixels with a >3σ detection across the ice band. For clarity, the