Positions of the final literature sample of background stars with spectroscopically measured 3 µm optical depths, overlaid on a Planck 857 GHz (350 µm) image of the Milky Way. Different

The phase curve of a planet over one rotation at eight different illumination phases. The images at the right show renderings of the planet’s illuminated surface throughout the observation. Each

The Large Dirty Mars Chamber, housed at the Open University. Credit: Petr Brož Scientists have been able to recreate the extreme conditions found on icy moons in deep space –

Molecular gas mass surface densities Σmol, star formation rate surface densities ΣSFR, stellar mass surface density Σ∗, dynamical equilibrium pressure PDE as well as CO velocity dispersion σCO at 3′′

Phase-folded plots of the planetary-induced RV signals in NIRPS and HARPS. Left panels show the phase-folded RV variations induced by Proxima b (top), and the residuals after the fit (bottom).

Streamlined schematic of the experimental setup, simulated atmospheric compositions and conditions, UV bombardment process, measurements, and experimental outcomes. Two laboratory hazes were produced (the initial conditions varying only in the

The proposed mechanism for vesicle formation on Titan. (1) Methane lakes and seas on Titan’s surface become coated with a film of amphiphiles. (2) Methane raindrops splash the lake surface.