The Large Dirty Mars Chamber, housed at the Open University. Credit: Petr Brož Scientists have been able to recreate the extreme conditions found on icy moons in deep space –

Molecular gas mass surface densities Σmol, star formation rate surface densities ΣSFR, stellar mass surface density Σ∗, dynamical equilibrium pressure PDE as well as CO velocity dispersion σCO at 3′′

Phase-folded plots of the planetary-induced RV signals in NIRPS and HARPS. Left panels show the phase-folded RV variations induced by Proxima b (top), and the residuals after the fit (bottom).

Streamlined schematic of the experimental setup, simulated atmospheric compositions and conditions, UV bombardment process, measurements, and experimental outcomes. Two laboratory hazes were produced (the initial conditions varying only in the

The proposed mechanism for vesicle formation on Titan. (1) Methane lakes and seas on Titan’s surface become coated with a film of amphiphiles. (2) Methane raindrops splash the lake surface.

Graphical Abstract – Journal of the American Chemical Society Lactic acid (CH3CH(OH)COOH)–a key biorelevant hydroxycarboxylic acid–is ubiquitous in living organisms and critically linked to the molecular origins of life due

GAFs for exoplanet classification. The upper two frames represent GAFs for “planet” cases, characterized by distinct periodic patterns indicative of planetary transits. The lower two frames show GAFs for “not-planet”