The schematic depiction of the dual role of amino acid monomers in nonenzymatic RNA replication (left panel, blue dotted box) and prebiotic compartmentalization (right panel, green dotted box). The background

Dust surface density evolution in the fiducial model without disk buildup (left) and with disk buildup taken into account (right). Time zero refers to the moment the gas disk reaches

Left panel: Synthetic exoplanet population, colour coded by number of planets per bin in logarithmic semi-major axis and planet mass space, using the nominal model for a sample of Nstar=5000

RV residuals of LHS 3844 after subtracting the per-instrument offsets and the orbital component, sampled from the posterior distribution of the model with highest marginal likelihood: WN+SE+QP kernel without drift

Schema of internal workings of the agent object. The agent comprises the LLM, the tools and the context. Figure adapted from Roman & Roman (2026). — astro-ph.EP The expansion of

Schematic procedure for compound confirmation, illustrated with examples of both confirmed (right half) and excluded (left half) compounds. (a) Total ion chromatograms (TIC) of the Titan aerosol analog (blue line)

Fitting of exoplanets. (a) The target star is HD 88230, with a hypothetical Earth-like planet placed at a distance of 1 AU from the star. (b) The target star is

Micro-characteristics of 40 mJ × 80 times laser-irradiated Kheneg Ljouâd powders observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). a SEM secondary electron image of irradiated powder.

Legged robot performing analogue tests in Marslabor at the University of Basel. Credit: Dr Tomaso Bontognali. Planetary surface missions currently operate cautiously. On Mars, communication delays between Earth and rovers