The Impact Of Internal Versus External Perturbations On Close-in Exoplanet Architectures

Young planetary systems are subjected to different dynamical effects that can influence their orbital structure over time.

In systems with more than one planet, other planets can internally influence each other, e.g. via planet-planet scattering. External perturbing effects also need to be taken into account, as stars do not form by themselves but together with other stars in young star-forming regions.

This birth environment can externally affect young multi-planet systems, e.g. via fly-bys. Previous work has shown that the absence/presence and location of an outer giant planet around a close-in planet system do not change how these inner planets react to a single fly-by with another star.

We further explore this by comparing the effects of these external perturbations on four close-in sub-Neptune planets to those caused by a situation where only the distant giant is perturbed by the same kind of encounter. Our results indicate that the close-in planet systems have a “preferred” end state after 500 Myr, which is reached regardless of how it was perturbed.

In addition, the mass of the giant appears not to impact the reaction of the inner planet system in the scenario of an external perturbation in our tested set-ups, i.e. either a single 1 or 5 M_Jup giant placed at 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 au. However, the mass affects the subsequent evolution of the inner planets if only internal perturbations by the giant are considered. The reduction in mass leads to an absence of collisions during the 500 Myr.

Christina Schoettler, James E Owen

Comments: 13 pages, 15 figures, submitted to Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, comments welcome
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
Cite as: arXiv:2510.03401 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2510.03401v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2510.03401
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Submission history
From: Christina Schoettler
[v1] Fri, 3 Oct 2025 18:00:06 UTC (4,390 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.03401

Astrobiology, exoplanet,