The reflectance spectrum detailing features from O2, O3, H2O, CO2, and CH4 of a modern Earth-like planet from 0.2 – 2 µm, similar in range expected from HWO (adapted from

Color phase curves (CPCs) for the sum of planets ’b’ and ’d’ in the Proxima Centauri system. The CPC is the ratio of the flux in the 21 µm to

Alignment of complexity slope intercepts with star formation in the universe. (a) Lines were generated with the slopes and intercepts at early features from Table 4. All intercepts are placed

A self-portrait of NASA’s Curiosity rover taken on June 15, 2018, when a Martian dust storm had reduced sunlight and visibility at the rover’s location in Gale Crater. NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS In

James Webb Space Telescope Near-infrared Camera (JWST NIRCam) false colour image of IRAS07251-0248, made by combining exposures with the 2 mm (Blue), 2.77 mm (Green) and 3.56 mm (Red) wide

Left panel: Map of the normalized XUV flux in the habitable zone, FXUV,HZ/FHZ, in the Galactic R-Z plane. Right panel: Map of the normalized XUV flux in the habitable zone,

Photos of tested material surfaces and their corresponding three-dimensional (3D) topography. Z-axis labels represent the surface height range. Some 3D scan lengths were limited to 100 µm due to data