Graphical Abstract — Journal of the American Chemical Society Protocells capable of nonenzymatic metabolism and environmental adaptation are essential models for understanding the emergence of cellular life. However, existing protocell

Schematic representation of key functions required for a synthetic minimal cell membrane. Integral and peripheral membrane proteins require a functional membrane environment that supports their structural integrity and enzymatic activity.

The phylogenetic tree showed the amino acid of xoxF and mxaF genes in MAGs from lava tubes, Haikou City, Hainan Province. The blue words indicated the acquired MAGs in this

Snapshots in the xy plane from the 0.1Eref (left) and 10Eref (right) simulation runs. Each snapshot is taken from the end of the run when steady-state has been achieved. The

Michael Thelen of JPL’s Exploration Systems Office discusses the newly inaugurated Rover Operations Center in JPL’s historic Space Flight Operations Facility on Dec. 10. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory