Astrobiology12- Page

Graphical Abstract — Journal of the American Chemical Society Protocells capable of nonenzymatic metabolism and environmental adaptation are essential models for understanding the emergence of cellular life. However, existing protocell

Schematic representation of key functions required for a synthetic minimal cell membrane. Integral and peripheral membrane proteins require a functional membrane environment that supports their structural integrity and enzymatic activity.

The phylogenetic tree showed the amino acid of xoxF and mxaF genes in MAGs from lava tubes, Haikou City, Hainan Province. The blue words indicated the acquired MAGs in this

Snapshots in the xy plane from the 0.1Eref (left) and 10Eref (right) simulation runs. Each snapshot is taken from the end of the run when steady-state has been achieved. The

Michael Thelen of JPL’s Exploration Systems Office discusses the newly inaugurated Rover Operations Center in JPL’s historic Space Flight Operations Facility on Dec. 10. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory

NASA astronaut and Expedition 73 Flight Engineer Zena Cardman inspects sample cassettes for installation into the Advanced Space Experiment Processor-4 (ADSEP-4) at the maintenance work area inside the International Space

Artistic depiction of liposome formation and evolution. Liposomes formed on the surface of the Archean water pools are destroyed by Solar UV unless they acquire two adaptive traits – the

This image from a map of Jezero Crater shows the area NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover is currently exploring, including Belva Crater, just below the center of the image. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University

Conceptual illustration of a potential human base inside a lunar lava tube, located within the basaltic crust. The lava tube offers natural protection from major surface hazards such as cosmic

Selected examples of different chemically oscillating reactions (COR) with patterns produced during the decarboxylation of malonic acid using a solution of sodium bromate , sulfuric acid [0.33