Free Floating or Merely Detached?

Microlensing surveys suggest the presence of a surprisingly large population of free-floating planets, with a rate of about two Neptunes per star.

The origin of such objects is not known, neither do we know if they are truly unbound or are merely orbiting at large separations from their host stars. Here, we investigate planet-planet scattering as a possible origin through numerical simulations of unstable multi-planet systems.

We find that planet ejection by scattering can be slow, often taking more than billions of years for Neptune-mass scatterers orbiting at a few AU and beyond. Moreover, this process invariably delivers planets to orbits of hundreds of AU that are protected from further scattering.

We call these “detached” planets. Under the scattering hypothesis, we estimate that about half of the reported “free-floating” Neptunes are not free but merely “detached”.

Sam Hadden, Yanqin Wu

Comments: Submitted to AAS Journals
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
Cite as: arXiv:2507.08968 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2507.08968v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.08968
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Submission history
From: Sam Hadden
[v1] Fri, 11 Jul 2025 18:54:17 UTC (721 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.08968

Astrobiology,