Growth, Physiology, And Metabolism Of Halomonas Meridiana In Aqueous Ammonium Sulfate With Implications For Icy Moon Astrobiology

The discovery of extraterrestrial reservoirs of liquid water has motivated missions to icy moons Europa and Titan.

Tentative evidence of ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)2SO₄) has been detected on the surface of Europa, and (NH4)2SO4 could be a prominent constituent of the Titan subsurface ocean. While NH + 4 acts as a nitrogen source for many organisms, detrimental impacts of (NH₄)2SO₄ fertilizer have been documented in bacteria.

Consequently, the presence of (NH₄)2SO₄ within icy moon environments may constrain the capacity of these environments to support life. In this study, the bacterial survival limits and physiological response to aqueous (NH₄)2SO₄ were assessed using the extremophile Halomonas meridiana Slthf1. Growth assays demonstrated concentrations exceeding 0.25 M (NH₄)2SO₄ led to a measurable slowing of the growth rate.

Cell density remained comparable to control conditions up to 0.75 M (NH₄)2SO₄ at which a decline was observed. Contrary to existing hypotheses, alterations to cell density were not determined by pH, osmolarity, salinity, ionic strength, or water activity of the aqueous (NH₄)2SO₄ solution. Furthermore, neither NH + 4 nor SO 2 − 4 alone accounted for these alterations. Metabolite profiling revealed that exposure to (NH₄)2SO₄ reduced the abundance of glutamine compared to control, indicating an alteration to nitrogen, carbon, and energy metabolism.

Active catabolism was suggested by reduced levels of purine metabolites and amino acids. Metabolites within the methylaspartate cycle were detected. We discuss these results with regards to the potential for habitability in aqueous extraterrestrial (NH₄)2SO₄ environments as well as terrestrial environments in which (NH₄)2SO₄ fertilizer is applied.

Growth, physiology, and metabolism of Halomonas meridiana in aqueous ammonium sulfate with implications for icy moon astrobiology, Frontiers

Astrobiology,