Probing the Outskirts of M Dwarf Planetary Systems with a Cycle 1 JWST NIRCam Coronagraphy Survey

The population of giant planets on wide orbits around low-mass M dwarf stars is poorly understood, but the unprecedented sensitivity of JWST NIRCam coronagraphic imaging now provides direct access to planets significantly less massive than Jupiter beyond 10 AU around the closest, youngest M dwarfs.

We present the design, observations, and results of JWST GTO Program 1184, a Cycle 1 NIRCam coronagraphic imaging survey of 9 very nearby and young low-mass stars at 3-5 micron wavelengths. In the F356W and F444W filters, we achieve survey median 5-sigma contrasts deeper than 10-5 at a separation of 1″, corresponding to 0.20 M_Jup in F444W and 1.30 M_Jup in F356W at planet-star separations of 10 AU. Our results include 3-5 micron debris disk detections and the identification of many extended and point-like sources in the final post-processed images.

In particular, we have identified two marginal point source candidates having fluxes and color limits consistent with model predictions for young sub-Jupiter mass exoplanets. Under the assumption that neither candidate is confirmed, we place the first direct-imaging occurrence constraints on M dwarf wide-orbit (semimajor axes 10-100 AU), sub-Jupiter mass exoplanets (0.3-1 M_Jup). We find frequency limits of < 0.10 and < 0.16 objects per star with 1 and 3-sigma confidence, respectively.

This survey brings to the forefront the unprecedented capabilities of JWST NIRCam coronagraphic imaging when targeting young, low-mass stars and acts as a precursor to broader surveys to place deep statistical constraints on wide-orbit, sub-Jupiter mass planets around M dwarfs.

Ellis Bogat, Joshua E. Schlieder, Kellen D. Lawson, Yiting Li, Jarron M. Leisenring, Michael R. Meyer, William Balmer, Thomas Barclay, Charles A. Beichman, Geoffrey Bryden, Per Calissendorff, Aarynn Carter, Matthew De Furio, Julien H. Girard, Thomas P. Greene, Tyler D. Groff, Jens Kammerer, Jorge Llop-Sayson, Michael W. McElwain, Marcia J. Rieke, Marie Ygouf

Comments: Submitted to AJ on April 15, 2025
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
Cite as: arXiv:2504.11659 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2504.11659v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.11659
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From: Ellis Bogat
[v1] Tue, 15 Apr 2025 23:06:30 UTC (4,178 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.11659
Astrobiology,