TOI-2407 b: A Warm Neptune In The Desert

We present the validation of TOI-2407 b, a warm Neptune-sized planet with a radius of 4.26 ± 0.26 R_⊕, orbiting an early M-type star with a period of 2.7 days and an equilibrium temperature of 705 ± 12 K.

The planet was identified by TESS photometry and validated in this work through multi-wavelength ground-based follow-up observations. We include an observation with the novel CMOS-based infrared instrument SPIRIT at the SPECULOOS Southern Observatory.

The high-precision transit data enabled by CMOS detectors underscore their potential for improving the detection and characterisation of exoplanets orbiting M-dwarfs, particularly in the infrared, where these stars emit most of their radiation. TOI-2407 b lies within the boundaries of the period-radius Neptune desert, an apparent scarcity of Neptune-sized planets at short orbits.

Further characterisation of TOI-2407 b, such as radial velocity measurements, will refine its position within planetary demographic trends. This system also provides a comparison case for the well-studied Neptune-sized planet Gliese 436 b, of similar radius, period and stellar type. Comparison studies could aid the understanding of the formation and evolution of Neptune-like planets around M-dwarfs.

C. Janó Muñoz, M. J. Hooton, P. P. Pedersen, K. Barkaoui, B. V. Rackham, A. J. Burgasser, F. J. Pozuelos, K. G. Stassun, D. Queloz, A. H. M. J. Triaud, C. Ziegler, J. M. Almenara, M. Timmermans, X. Bonfils, K.A. Collins, B. O. Demory, G. Dransfield, M. Ghachoui, M. Gillon, E. Jehin, A. W. Mann, D. Sebastian, S. Thompson, J. D. Twicken, J. de Wit S. Zúñiga-Fernández

Comments: 12 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication 06-06-2025
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
Cite as: arXiv:2506.06195 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2506.06195v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2506.06195
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Submission history
From: Clàudia Janó Muñoz
[v1] Fri, 6 Jun 2025 15:54:34 UTC (1,252 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.06195

Astrobiology