exoALMA XX: Tomographic Detection of Embedded Planets in Protoplanetary Disks

The exoALMA Large Program has revealed a wealth of substructures in the dust and molecular line emission of several protoplanetary discs, suggesting that planet formation may unfold within highly dynamic environments.

Using synthetic observations of planet-disc interactions and disc instabilities, we demonstrate how the origin of these substructures can be investigated through a tomographic study of molecular lines, extending the scope of the analysis beyond line-centroid kinematics alone. Our results indicate that with only a few hours of ALMA integration at moderate angular resolution (0.15″−0.30″), it is possible to identify the key signatures driven by planets more massive than 0.1% of the stellar mass.

These signatures manifest not only as deviations from Keplerian motion but also as localized line broadening, enabling accurate constraints on the orbital radius and azimuthal location of the planets. We further show that a diagnostic based on line skewness in spectrally resolved observations can help distinguish between planetary and instability-driven signatures, owing to the distinct degrees of velocity coherence associated with each mechanism.

Finally, we apply this tomographic analysis to exoALMA CO line data for the discs of HD 135344B and MWC 758. In HD 135344B, we identify strongly localized velocity and line-width perturbations, suggesting the possibility of three massive planets embedded in the disc: one at R=95 au, exterior to the continuum substructures, and two within dust gaps at R=41 au and R=73 au. For MWC 758, the dominance of vertical-velocity spirals over localized signatures is consistent with predictions from models of moderate disc eccentricities or warps, potentially induced by a substellar companion in the inner regions of the system.

Andres F. Izquierdo, Jaehan Bae, Stefano Facchini, Ewine F. van Dishoeck, Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro, Myriam Benisty, Richard Teague, Jochen Stadler, Sean M. Andrews, Gianni Cataldi, Nicolas Cuello, Pietro Curone, Ian Czekala, Daniele Fasano, Mario Flock, Misato Fukagawa, Maria Galloway-Sprietsma, Cassandra Hall, Jane Huang, John D. Ilee, Andrea Isella, Jensen Lawrence, Geoffroy Lesur, Giuseppe Lodato, Cristiano Longarini, Ryan A. Loomis, François Menard, Christophe Pinte, Daniel J. Price, Giovanni Rosotti, Leonardo Testi, David J. Wilner, Andrew J. Winter, Lisa Wölfer, Brianna Zawadzki

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJL as part of the exoALMA series
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
Cite as: arXiv:2603.13157 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2603.13157v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.13157
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Related DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae48fd
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Submission history
From: Andres Izquierdo
[v1] Fri, 13 Mar 2026 16:51:04 UTC (46,893 KB)]
https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.13157
Astrobiology, exoplanet,