exoALMA. XXIV. Formaldehyde Emission in Protoplanetary Disks of exoALMA Compared with Their Properties and Dynamical State

The presence of asymmetries and substructures in protoplanetary disks, revealed by both dust and gas emission, highlights the potential interplay and the broader connection between chemistry and dynamics in disk evolution.

We explore multiple relationships using the nonparametric Kendall-τ correlation to examine formaldehyde (H₂CO) emission with relation to stellar and disk properties for a subset of disks from the exoALMA sample.

We also retrieve the H₂CO column density and excitation temperature using four transitions, measured in radial bins of 100 au, and quantify the level of asymmetry in the resolved peak intensity of the H₂CO emission. From our correlation analysis, we find no correlations with sufficient statistical significance. However, we identify tentative relationships that can be tested with larger samples.

In particular, we report a proposed correlation (2.1σ) between stellar effective temperature and the formaldehyde excitation conditions, suggesting that, to first order, the central star dominates the nature of the H₂CO emission over possible dynamical asymmetries traced by dust.

Although a correlation with the stellar luminosity was also expected, a larger sample is required to confirm or refute this trend. A possible correlation with spectral type, together with the broad range of H₂CO excitation temperatures within the inner 100 au of the studied disks, hint at possible multiple chemical formation pathways for H₂CO, including both gas-phase reactions and ice-surface chemistry on dust grains.

Felipe Alarcón, Stefano Facchini, Leon Trapman, Pietro Curone, Luna Rampinelli, Sean M. Andrews, Jaehan Bae, Marcelo Barraza-Alfaro, Myriam Benisty, Maria Galloway-Sprietsma, Cassandra Hall, John D. Ilee, Giuseppe Lodato, Christophe Pinte, Jochen Stadler, Richard Teague, David J. Wilner, Ke Zhang

Comments: Accepted for publication in ApJL
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
Cite as: arXiv:2603.13081 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2603.13081v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.13081
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Submission history
From: Felipe Alarcón
[v1] Fri, 13 Mar 2026 15:30:43 UTC (9,305 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.13081

Astrobiology, Astrochemistry,