A 15×15 Full Frame Image cutout centered on the target star TIC 92223525 (green star). The red dots represent the neighboring stars in the Gaia DR3 catalog with Tmag17, and

A schematic diagram of the circumstellar gas torus, that has formed due to the accumulation of escaping gas from the planet over many orbits. The left and right panel shows

Two-dimensional temperature map of the disk after 280 kyr of evolution. The averaged trajectories of particles over this period, plotted along the 𝑟 and 𝑧 axes, are shown in white.

Three possible pathways for hydrogen abstraction from CH3CH2SH by the OH radical: (a) abstraction from the -CH2 group, (b) abstraction from the -SH group, and (c) abstraction from the -CH3

Image-based query examples for Task 3 (Global Geo-Localization) — cs.CV Data-driven approaches like deep learning are rapidly advancing planetary science, particularly in Mars exploration. Despite recent progress, most existing benchmarks

Graphical abstract — cs.MA Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed robotics, healthcare, industry, and scientific discovery, yet a major frontier may lie beyond Earth. Space exploration and settlement offer vast environments