Astrobiology16- Page

Bond albedo (a) and thermal inertia (b) maps derived from PPR measurements in this study. Background is the USGS Europa Voyager Galileo SSI Global Mosaic of Europa (Becker et al.

Top row: coma maps of H2O, CO2, and CH4, computed as the molecular column density from a pixel-by-pixel retrieval analysis for Observations 6, 15, and 6, respectively. The sunward and

Final planet mass vs pebble flux across the snowline at time of insertion. Plots A and B are coloured by the planet’s initial and final semi-major axes respectively. Plot

Outer disk regions become increasingly H2O ice poor as compared to dominating N2, CO, and CO2 ices over a disk’s lifetime. The leftmost pie displays the assumed initial abundances across

The retrieved transmission spectrum using the results from the free retrieval plotted as a black line, along with the transmission data from NIRCam F322W2, F444W, and MIRI LRS plotted as

Down to the core. From left to right: When rebuilt outside of living cells, CorM forms dynamic filaments. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) image of purified CorM filaments. Successive zoom-ins show the

The formation mechanism of the lower haze. Cosmic dust entering from space is incorporated into sulfuric acid clouds. As sulfuric acid evaporates at the cloud base, the dust particles remain

Graphical abstract The PAH-water (PAH = polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) interactions occur in interstellar ice grains and in atmospheres of planets and can serve as models for the interaction between water

Summary: Orpheus is a Mars hopper mission concept to explore volcanic fissures and pit/cave vents in Cerberus Fossae that experienced recent eruptions and may still be active, to search for